Abstract

Two very different approaches can be used in planning and decision making. One might employ an algorithm allowing calculation of ‘the best solution’, or one might discuss the matter and try to reach an agreement. Planning can be algorithmic or communicative, and the chapter heading indicates that even hybrids are possible. The use of formal evaluation methods in the preparation of significant and large-scale investment projects is mandatory in many countries. However, even well-established evaluation methods, such as cost-benefit analysis (CBA), need to be adapted to the type of process in which they are to be applied, and guidelines for such adaptation are usually lacking.