Abstract

Both substances and behaviors can be considered to be forms of addictions, understood as an abnormal long-lasting pattern of use or practice that is reinforcing and may be repeated to excess, to the point that it endangers the individual. This excess of use or practice is typically visible to an observer, but, equally, users themselves may also report it as disturbing. The dangerous consequences may sometimes spread from the individual to his environment, making addiction an individual characteristic (a disease or disorder), with environmental and social consequences (public health impact, political and societal implications).