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Evolution of the Parent Movement
- Defining Social Movements
- The Parent Movement in Special Education
- Definition and Characteristics
- The Dynamic: An Hegelian Interpretation of the Parent Movement
- The Parent Movement as a Force for Law that Engineers Society and Shapes Behavior
- Methodology and “Counting” Parents’ Participation as Evidence of the Social Movement
- The Parent Movement over Time
- Pre-1970s: Origin and Early Development of a National Parent Movement
- The 1970s: A Decade of Fundamental Reform
- The 1980s: A Decade of Expansion, Retrenchment, and Response
- Expansion of Special Education: Educating Infants/Toddlers.
- Expansion of Special Education: Transition to Adulthood.
- Expansion of special education: Parent Training and Information Centers.
- Expansion of Special Education: Protecting the Right to a “Free” Public Education.
- Potential Retrenchment: The Failure of Defederalization.
- Retrenchment: The Supreme Court, Procedural Due Process, and Parent Power.
- The 1990s: Responding, Renaming, Expanding, Confronting, and Yielding
- Responding.
- Renaming.
- Expanding.
- Confronting: The National Council on Disability’s Nation-Wide Survey of Parents.
- Confronting Yet Again: The Failed Reauthorization of 1995 and the Successful Reauthorization of 1997.
- Yielding.
- The “Aught” Decade: 2000–2009: Pulled Ahead and Pushed Back
- Summary: The Movement and Congress from the 1970s Through 2004
- Projections: The Future of the Parent Movement
- References
Abstract
Today, the right of students with disabilities to a free appropriate public education is firmly established as a matter of law. That establishment is the result of nearly 50 years of advocacy by parents and their allies, joined together in a civil rights movement, and the enactment of a federal special education law.
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