Abstract

Some time during the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) exiled Athenian general Thucydides (c.460–395) decided to write the history of this fratricidal war between Athens, Sparta (Lacedaemon) and their allies. His work is notable not only for its exploration of human nature as such (exemplified in the Athenian treatment of the Melians) but also for its attempt to establish strict standards in evidence-finding and analysis. As such his work may be considered the first scholarly book on (military) history, although some of his methodology – notably his decision to include fictionalized speeches (expressing what the actor may have said or even should have said) – differs dramatically from what is customary today.