Abstract

The recent advancement of fuel cell technology is presented for the four intermediate and high temperature fuel cells: high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Their technological status is presented with respect to their basic operating principle, acceptable contamination levels, the state-of- the-art technology, major technical barriers to commercialization, their economics and suitability for utility and transportation applications.