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Birds: Pesticide Use Impacts
- How Serious Is the Impact?
- Types of Bird Impacts
- Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides
- Lethal Effects
- Secondary Poisoning
- Sublethal Effects and Delayed Mortality
- Effects on Reproduction
- Routes of Pesticide Exposure in Birds
- Abuse and Misuse
- Granular Formulations and Treated Seed
- Liquid Formulations on Vegetation: The Grazing Problem
- Liquid Formulations on Insect Prey: The Gorging Problem
- Vertebrate Control Agents: Unintended Victims
- Forestry Insecticides
- Measuring Bird Impacts
- Conclusion: The Way Forward
- References
Abstract
Pesticides are known to affect birds lethally and non-lethally, directly through intoxication and indirectly through their food supply. This entry reviews the types of impacts that have been recorded as well as the ways in which birds are exposed, how these impacts can be measured and how they can be reduced.
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