Abstract

Conventional wastewater-treatment practices have been oriented to the removal of grit and floating matter followed by the removal of suspended and dissolved organic matter. These processes, when carried out in combination, have proved to be economical and effective means for removing organic matter from wastewaters. However, there are certain disadvantages associated with them. In the last decades, physical–chemical treatment of wastewater has been studied both on laboratory and pilot-plant scales with important industrial and municipal wastewater-treatment applications.