Abstract

The presence of cadmium and lead in the environment is greatly sourced from and affected by anthropogenic activities. These activities are severe and present global environmental and human health issues. The detection of these elements and the determination of their chemical state, thus toxicity, have challenged scientists and engineers for many years. On the basis of the knowledge gained, production is changing and regulations are being put in place to be able to reduce and control the effect of cadmium and lead in the environment.